⛏️ Chapter 3: Coal and Petroleum (Class 8) ⛽
🌍 Natural Resources (Prakritik Sansadhan)
We use various materials for our basic needs. Some are found in nature and some are man-made.
Hum apni zarooraton ke liye alag-alag cheezein istemal karte hain. Kuch prakriti mein milti hain aur kuch insan ne banai hain.Materials obtained from nature are called Natural Resources. Examples: Air 🌬️, Water 💧, Soil मिट्टी , Minerals.
Prakriti se milne wale padarthon ko Prakritik Sansadhan (Natural Resources) kehte hain. Udaharan: Hawa, Paani, Mitti, Khanij.Types of Natural Resources:
Based on availability, natural resources are of two types:
Uplabdhta ke adhaar par, prakritik sansadhan do prakar ke hote hain:- Inexhaustible Natural Resources: Present in unlimited quantity in nature and are not likely to be exhausted by human activities. ☀️🌬️
Akshay Prakritik Sansadhan: Prakriti mein aseemit matra mein maujood hain aur manav gatividhiyon se khatam hone ki sambhavna nahi hai.
Examples: Sunlight, Air.
- Exhaustible Natural Resources: Present in limited quantity in nature. They can be exhausted by human activities. ⏳⚠️
Kshay Sheel / Samaapt Hone Wale Prakritik Sansadhan: Prakriti mein seemit matra mein maujood hain. Yeh manav gatividhiyon dwara samapt ho sakte hain.
Examples: Forests 🌳, Wildlife 🐅, Minerals, Coal ⚫, Petroleum ⛽, Natural Gas.
This chapter focuses on three important Exhaustible Natural Resources formed from dead remains of living organisms (fossils): Coal, Petroleum, and Natural Gas. These are also known as Fossil Fuels 🦕🔥.
Yeh chapter teen mahatvapurna Samaapt Hone Wale Prakritik Sansadhano par kendrit hai jo jeevit praniyo ke mrit avasheshon (jeevashm) se bane hain: Koyla, Petroleum, aur Prakritik Gas. Inhe Jeevashm Indhan (Fossil Fuels) bhi kaha jaata hai.⚫ Coal (Koyla)
Coal is hard as stone and black in colour. It’s one of the fuels used to cook food, run railway engines (earlier), and in thermal power plants to produce electricity 💡.
Koyla patthar jaisa kathor aur kaale rang ka hota hai. Yeh khana pakane, railway engine chalane (pehle), aur thermal power plant mein bijli paida karne ke liye istemal hone wale indhano mein se ek hai.📜 Story of Coal (Koyle ki Kahani – Kaise Bana?)
Formation of Coal:
- About 300 million years ago, Earth had dense forests 🌳 in low-lying wetland areas.
- Due to natural processes like floods, these forests got buried under the soil ⬇️.
- As more soil deposited over them, they were compressed.
- Temperature also rose as they sank deeper. 🌡️➕ Pressure increased 🏋️.
- Under high pressure and high temperature, dead plants got slowly converted to coal over millions of years. ⏳
This slow process of conversion of dead vegetation into coal is called Carbonisation.
Koyle ka Nirman:
- Lagbhag 30 crore saal pehle, dharti par nichle geeli zameen wale ilakon mein ghane jungle the.
- Baadh jaise prakritik prakriyaon ke karan, yeh jungle mitti ke neeche dab gaye.
- Jaise-jaise un par aur mitti jama hoti gayi, ve dabte gaye.
- Gehra jaane par तापमान bhi badha aur दबाव bhi badha.
- Uchh dabaav aur uchh taapmaan ke tahat, mare hue paudhe dheere-dheere laakhon saalon mein koyle mein badal gaye.
Mrit vanaspati ke koyle mein dheere-dheere parivartan ki is prakriya ko Carbonisation kehte hain.
Since coal was formed from the remains of vegetation, it is also called a Fossil Fuel.
Kyunki koyla vanaspati ke avasheshon se bana tha, ise Jeevashm Indhan (Fossil Fuel) bhi kaha jaata hai.♨️ Processing of Coal & Useful Products
When coal is heated strongly in the absence of air (process called Destructive Distillation), various useful products are obtained.
Jab koyle ko hawa ki anupasthiti mein zor se garam kiya jaata hai (Vinashi Aasvan / Destructive Distillation naam ki prakriya), toh kai upyogi utpaad milte hain.- Coke 🔥: A tough, porous, black substance. It’s almost pure form of carbon. Used in manufacturing steel and extracting many metals. Coke: Kathor, chhidrayukt, kala padarth. Lagbhag shuddh carbon hota hai. Steel banane aur kai dhatuon ke nishkarshan mein istemal hota hai.
- Coal Tar ⚫💧: A thick, black liquid with an unpleasant smell. It’s a mixture of about 200 substances! Used as starting material for making synthetic dyes, drugs, explosives, perfumes, plastics, paints, photographic materials, roofing materials, naphthalene balls (to repel moths), etc. (Nowadays, Bitumen, a petroleum product, is used in place of coal tar for metalling roads). Coal Tar (Koltar): Ek gadha, kala, apriya gandh wala drav. Yeh lagbhag 200 padarthon ka mishran hai! Synthetic rang, dawaiyan, visphotak, itra, plastic, paint, photographic material, chhat ke material, naphthalene ki goliyan (keedon ko bhagane ke liye) आदि banane ke liye shuruaati material ke roop mein istemal hota hai. (Aajkal, sadkein banane ke liye koltar ki jagah Bitumen, ek petroleum utpaad, ka istemal hota hai).
- Coal Gas 💨: Obtained during the processing of coal to get coke. Used as fuel in many industries situated near coal processing plants. (It was used for street lighting in London around 1810 and New York around 1820). Coal Gas: Coke banane ki prakriya ke dauran prapt hoti hai. Koyla processing plant ke paas sthit kai udyogon mein indhan ke roop mein istemal hoti hai. (Yeh 1810 ke aas paas London aur 1820 ke aas paas New York mein street lighting ke liye istemal hoti thi).
⛽ Petroleum (Petroliyam)
Petroleum is a dark, oily liquid with an unpleasant odour. It’s the source of petrol (gasoline), diesel, lubricating oil, paraffin wax, etc. Petroleum ek gadha, tel jaisa, apriya gandh wala drav hai. Yeh petrol, diesel, lubricating oil, paraffin mom आदि ka strot hai.
The word Petroleum is derived from Petra (rock) and Oleum (oil), as it is mined from between rocks under Earth.
Petroleum shabd Petra (chattan) aur Oleum (tel) se bana hai, kyunki ise dharti ke neeche chattano ke beech se nikala jaata hai.🌊 Story of Petroleum (Petroliyam Kaise Bana?)
Formation of Petroleum:
- Petroleum was formed from organisms living in the sea 🐠🌿 (plankton, algae, etc.).
- As these organisms died, their bodies settled at the bottom of the sea and got covered with layers of sand and clay.
- Over millions of years ⏳, absence of air, high temperature 🌡️, and high pressure 🏋️ transformed these dead organisms into petroleum and natural gas.
This process also took millions of years!
Petroliyam ka Nirman:
- Petroleum samudra mein rehne wale jeevon (plankton, shaival adi) se bana tha.
- Jab yeh jeev mare, unke sharir samudra ke tal par jam gaye aur ret aur mitti ki parton se dhak gaye.
- Laakhon saalon mein, hawa ki anupasthiti, uchh taapmaan, aur uchh dabaav ne in mrit jeevon ko petroleum aur prakritik gas mein badal diya.
Is prakriya mein bhi laakhon saal lage!
🔥 Refining of Petroleum (Petroliyam Ka Shodhan)
Petroleum Refining: Petroleum is a mixture of various constituents like petrol, diesel, lubricating oil, paraffin wax, etc. The process of separating these various components/fractions of petroleum is known as refining. It is carried out in a **Petroleum Refinery** 🏭.
Petroliyam Shodhan (Refining): Petroleum vibhinn ghatakon jaise petrol, diesel, lubricating oil, paraffin mom adi ka mishran hai. Petroleum ke in vibhinn ghatakon/anshon ko alag karne ki prakriya ko shodhan (refining) kehte hain. Yeh **Petroleum Refinery** mein kiya jaata hai.Refining is done using a process called **Fractional Distillation**, which separates components based on their different boiling points.
Shodhan **Prabhaaji Aasvan (Fractional Distillation)** naam ki prakriya se hota hai, jo ghatakon ko unke alag-alag ubalne ke bindu (boiling points) ke adhaar par alag karti hai.Useful Products from Petroleum Refining (Petroliyam Se Milne Wale Upyogi Utpaad):
| Petroleum Constituent | Uses (Upyog) |
|---|---|
| LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) | Fuel for home 🏠 and industry 🏭. (Ghar aur udyog mein indhan). |
| Petrol (Gasoline) | Motor fuel 🚗🏍️, aviation fuel, solvent for dry cleaning. (Motor indhan, hawai jahaj ka indhan, dry cleaning mein solvent). |
| Kerosene | Fuel for stoves 🔥, lamps, jet aircraft. (Stove, lamp, jet jahaj mein indhan). |
| Diesel | Fuel for heavy motor vehicles 🚚🚌, electric generators 💡. (Bhari motor gaadiyon, electric generator mein indhan). |
| Lubricating Oil | Lubrication ⚙️ (machine parts ko smooth karna). (Machines ke purzon ko chikna karna). |
| Paraffin Wax | Ointments, candles 🕯️, vaseline. (Marham, mombatti, vaseline). |
| Bitumen | Paints, road surfacing 🛣️ (replacing coal tar). (Paint, sadak banane mein). |
Many useful substances obtained from petroleum and natural gas are called ‘Petrochemicals’. These are used to manufacture detergents, fibres (polyester, nylon, acrylic), polythene and other man-made plastics 🧴.
Petroleum aur prakritik gas se prapt kai upyogi padarthon ko ‘Petrochemicals’ kaha jaata hai. Inka upyog detergents, reshe (polyester, nylon, acrylic), polythene aur anya manav-nirmit plastic banane mein hota hai.Due to its great commercial importance, Petroleum is also called ‘Black Gold’ 💰.
Apne mahan vyavsayik mahatva ke karan, Petroleum ko ‘Kala Sona (Black Gold)’ bhi kaha jaata hai.💨 Natural Gas (Prakritik Gas)
Natural Gas is another important fossil fuel. It is easy to transport through pipes.
Prakritik Gas ek aur mahatvapurna jeevashm indhan hai. Ise pipe ke jariye transport karna aasan hai.- Found along with petroleum deposits, often above the oil layer. Petroleum bhandaron ke saath payi jaati hai, aksar tel ki parat ke upar.
- Stored under high pressure as Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). 💨➕🏋️ Uchh dabaav par Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) ke roop mein store ki jaati hai.
- Uses of CNG:
- Used for power generation. (Bijli utpadan ke liye istemal hoti hai).
- Used as fuel for transport vehicles 🚗🚌 (less polluting ✅, cleaner fuel than petrol/diesel). (Transport gaadiyon mein indhan ke roop mein (kam pradushan failati hai)).
- Can be supplied directly to homes and factories through pipes for burning. (Pipe se seedhe gharon aur factory mein jalane ke liye supply ki ja sakti hai).
- Used as starting material for manufacturing chemicals and fertilizers. (Chemicals aur urvarak banane ke liye shuruaati material ke roop mein).
⏳ Some Natural Resources are Limited (Kuch Prakritik Sansadhan Seemit Hain)
Coal, Petroleum, and Natural Gas are fossil fuels. They are exhaustible natural resources.
Koyla, Petroleum, aur Prakritik Gas jeevashm indhan hain. Yeh samaapt hone wale prakritik sansadhan hain.Why are they limited? (Yeh seemit kyun hain?)
- Formation takes millions of years from dead organisms under high pressure and temperature. 🦕➡️⛽ Inke banne mein mrit jeevon se uchh dabaav aur taapmaan ke tahat laakhon saal lagte hain.
- We are using them up much faster than they are being formed. 📈>>📉 Hum unke banne ki gati se kahin zyada tezi se unka upyog kar rahe hain.
- The known reserves will last only for a few hundred years or maybe less at the current rate of consumption. 😟 Gyaat bhandar vartaman upbhog ki dar se kewal kuch sau saal ya shayad usse bhi kam tak chalenge.
Consequences of Overuse (Zyada Istemaal Ke Parinam):
- Depletion: They will run out eventually. (Yeh khatam ho jayenge).
- Air Pollution 🏭💨: Burning these fuels releases harmful gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, causing air pollution, acid rain, and respiratory problems. (Inhe jalane se haanikarak gas nikalti hain jo vayu pradushan, amliya varsha aur saans ki samasyaein paida karti hain).
- Global Warming 🌡️⬆️: Increased Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) concentration in the atmosphere traps heat, leading to a gradual increase in Earth’s temperature. (Atmospehere mein CO₂ badhne se garmi qaid hoti hai, jisse dharti ka taapmaan dheere-dheere badh raha hai).
What can we do? (Hum kya kar sakte hain?)
In India, the Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA) advises people how to save petrol/diesel while driving. Tips:
Bharat mein, Petroleum Sanrakshan Anusandhan Sangh (PCRA) logon ko driving karte samay petrol/diesel bachane ki salah deta hai. Tips:- Drive at a constant and moderate speed. (Ek sthir aur madhyam gati se drive karein).
- Switch off the engine at traffic lights or when waiting 🚦🚫. (Traffic light ya intezar karte samay engine band kar dein).
- Ensure correct tyre pressure 🚲. (Tyre ka pressure sahi rakhein).
- Ensure regular maintenance of the vehicle 🔧. (Gaadi ki niyamit maintenance karayein).
- Use public transport, carpooling, cycling 🚴 or walking for short distances. (Public transport, carpooling, cycling ya paidal chalne ka prayog karein).
Conserving these resources is crucial for our future and the environment! 🌍💚
In sansadhano ka sanrakshan hamare bhavishya aur paryavaran ke liye bahut mahatvapurna hai!❓ Sawal Jawab (Questions & Answers)
🤏 Very Short Answer Questions (Ati Laghu Uttariy Prashn)
1. Give two examples of inexhaustible resources.
Sunlight, Air. (Surya Prakash, Hawa).
2. Give two examples of exhaustible resources.
Coal, Petroleum, Forests. (Koyla, Petroleum, Jungle).
3. What are fossil fuels?
Fuels formed from dead remains of organisms. (Jeevon ke mrit avasheshon se bane indhan).
4. Name the main component of coal.
Carbon. (Carbon).
5. What is carbonisation?
Slow conversion of dead vegetation into coal. (Mrit vanaspati ka dheere-dheere koyle mein badalna).
6. Name the almost pure form of carbon obtained from coal.
Coke. (Coke).
7. What is the full form of LPG?
Liquefied Petroleum Gas.
8. What is petroleum refining?
Separating various fractions/components of petroleum. (Petroleum ke vibhinn anshon/ghatakon ko alag karna).
9. Name the process used for petroleum refining.
Fractional Distillation. (Prabhaaji Aasvan).
10. Name a petroleum product used for road surfacing.
Bitumen.
11. Why is petroleum called ‘Black Gold’?
Due to its great commercial importance. (Uske mahan vyavsayik mahatva ke karan).
12. What is the full form of CNG?
Compressed Natural Gas.
13. Give one major advantage of using CNG as fuel.
It is less polluting / cleaner fuel. (Yeh kam pradushan failata hai / saaf indhan hai).
14. Name an organisation that advises on saving fuel in India.
PCRA (Petroleum Conservation Research Association).
15. Why are fossil fuels exhaustible?
They take millions of years to form and are used up much faster. (Unhe banne mein laakhon saal lagte hain aur istemal bahut tezi se ho raha hai).
📝 Short Answer Questions (Laghu Uttariy Prashn)
1. Differentiate between Inexhaustible and Exhaustible natural resources.
- Inexhaustible: Unlimited quantity, not exhausted by human activity. Ex: Sunlight, Air.(Aseem matra mein, manav dwara khatam nahi hote. Udaharan: Dhoop, Hawa).
- Exhaustible: Limited quantity, can be exhausted by human activity. Ex: Coal, Petroleum, Forests.(Seemit matra mein, manav dwara khatam ho sakte hain. Udaharan: Koyla, Petroleum, Jungle).
2. How is coal formed?
- Formed from dead vegetation (dense forests) buried millions of years ago.(Laakhon saal pehle dabe mrit vanaspati se bana).
- Got covered by layers of soil.
- Compressed under high pressure and high temperature. 🌡️➕🏋️
- Slowly converted to coal (Carbonisation ⏳).(Dheere dheere koyle mein badla).
3. Write the uses of Coke.
- Almost pure form of carbon.
- Tough, porous, black substance.
- Used in manufacturing steel. (Steel banane mein).
- Used in extraction of many metals. (Kai dhatuon ke nishkarshan mein).
4. How is petroleum formed?
- Formed from dead sea organisms 🐠 (plankton etc.).
- Bodies settled at sea bottom, covered by sand/clay.
- Over millions of years ⏳, under high pressure & temperature and absence of air.
- Dead organisms transformed into petroleum and natural gas.(Mrit jeev petroleum aur gas mein badal gaye).
5. What are petrochemicals? Give examples of their use.
- Useful substances obtained from petroleum and natural gas. (Petroleum aur gas se milne wale upyogi padarth).
- Used as raw materials for manufacturing: (Banane ke liye kacche maal ke roop mein istemal:)
- Detergents 🧼
- Synthetic Fibres (Polyester, Nylon, Acrylic) 🧵
- Polythene & other Plastics 🧴
6. Why is CNG considered a cleaner fuel?
- CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) burns more completely than petrol or diesel.(Petrol/diesel ki tulna mein zyada puri tarah se jalta hai).
- It produces very less polluting gases like carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons etc. ✅ (Yeh bahut kam pradushan failane wali gasen paida karta hai).
- It leaves little or no ash after burning. (Jalne ke baad kam ya bilkul raakh nahi chhodta).
- Thus, it helps reduce air pollution. 🌍 (Is prakaar, yeh vayu pradushan kam karne mein madad karta hai).
7. Describe the characteristics and uses of Coal Tar.
- Characteristics: Thick, black liquid, unpleasant smell. (Visheshtayein: Gaadha, kala drav, apriya gandh).
- Mixture of about 200 substances. (Lagbhag 200 padarthon ka mishran).
- Uses: Starting material for manufacturing – (Banane ke liye shuruati padarth -)
- Synthetic dyes, Drugs, Explosives, Perfumes, Plastics, Paints, Roofing materials, Naphthalene balls.
- (Bitumen is now preferred for road surfacing).
8. Write some tips suggested by PCRA to save petrol/diesel.
- Drive at constant, moderate speed.
- Switch off engine at traffic lights 🚦 / waiting.
- Ensure correct tyre pressure 🚲.
- Ensure regular vehicle maintenance 🔧.
- Use public transport / carpooling / cycling 🚴.
9. What are the harmful effects of burning fossil fuels?
- Air Pollution: Releases harmful gases (CO₂, CO, SO₂, NOₓ).(Vayu Pradushan: Haanikarak gasen chhodta hai).
- Global Warming: Increased CO₂ traps heat, raising Earth’s temperature 🌡️⬆️.(Vaishvik Ushnan: Badha hua CO₂ garmi rokta hai, dharti ka taapmaan badhata hai).
- Acid Rain: Sulphur/Nitrogen oxides mix with rain causing acid rain, damages buildings/plants.(Amliya Varsha: SO₂/NOₓ barish se milkar acid rain banate hain, imaraton/paudhon ko nuksan).
- Resource Depletion: Fossil fuels are exhaustible and running out.⏳(Sansadhanon ki Kami: Jeevashm indhan seemit hain aur khatam ho rahe hain).
10. Where is natural gas found and how is it transported?
- Natural gas is found deep inside the earth, usually above petroleum deposits.(Prakritik gas dharti ke bahut neeche pai jati hai, aamtaur par petroleum ke upar).
- It is also found in some places alone.(Kuch jagahon par akele bhi pai jati hai).
- Being a gas, it is easily transported over long distances through pipelines.💨➡️🏠 (Gas hone ke karan, ise pipelines ke jariye lambi dooriyon tak aasani se transport kiya ja sakta hai).
- It is stored under high pressure as CNG for use as fuel.
📜 Long Answer Questions (Dirgh Uttariy Prashn)
1. Explain the formation of Coal and Petroleum.
Both are fossil fuels formed over millions of years.
(Dono jeevashm indhan hain jo laakhon saalon mein bane).Coal Formation:
- From dead vegetation (dense forests) buried ~300 million years ago. (Mrit vanaspati se).
- Covered by soil layers, compressed.
- Subjected to high pressure and temperature. 🌡️➕🏋️
- Slow conversion into coal (Carbonisation ⏳).
Petroleum Formation:
- From dead sea organisms 🐠.
- Bodies settled at sea bottom, covered by sand/clay.
- Over millions of years, absence of air, high pressure & temperature transformed them.
- Formed petroleum (liquid) and natural gas (gas). Found above water layer as they are lighter.
2. Describe the process of Petroleum Refining and list major fractions obtained and their uses.
Petroleum is a dark, oily mixture. Refining separates its useful components.
Petroleum ek gadha, tel jaisa mishran hai. Refining iske upyogi ghatakon ko alag karti hai.- Process: Fractional Distillation. Done in Petroleum Refineries 🏭. It separates fractions based on different boiling points. (Prakriya: Prabhaaji Aasvan. Alag boiling points ke adhaar par alag karta hai).
- Major Fractions & Uses (Mukhya Ansh aur Upyog):
- LPG: Fuel (Home, Industry).
- Petrol: Fuel (Vehicles 🚗), Aviation fuel, Dry cleaning.
- Kerosene: Fuel (Stoves 🔥, Lamps, Jets).
- Diesel: Fuel (Heavy vehicles 🚚, Generators).
- Lubricating Oil: Lubrication ⚙️.
- Paraffin Wax: Candles 🕯️, Ointments.
- Bitumen: Road surfacing 🛣️, Paints.
3. What is Natural Gas? Explain its advantages and uses as CNG.
Natural Gas is an important fossil fuel, mainly methane, found with/without petroleum.
Prakritik Gas ek mahatvapurna jeevashm indhan hai, mukhya roop se methane, jo petroleum ke saath ya bina paya jaata hai.- Storage/Transport: Stored under high pressure as CNG (Compressed Natural Gas). Easy to transport via pipes 💨➡️🏠.
- Advantages as CNG Fuel (CNG Ke Fayde):
- Cleaner Fuel ✅: Produces very less polluting gases compared to petrol/diesel. (Petrol/diesel ki tulna mein bahut kam pradushan failata hai).
- Burns Completely: Leaves little/no residue. (Poori tarah jalta hai, kam/koi avashesh nahi).
- Easy Transport/Supply: Through pipelines. (Pipe se aasan parivahan/supply).
- Uses (Upyog):
- Fuel for transport vehicles 🚗🚌.
- Power generation 💡.
- Direct fuel supply to homes/factories.
- Making chemicals & fertilizers.
4. Explain why fossil fuels are exhaustible natural resources and discuss the consequences of their overuse.
Fossil fuels (Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas) are exhaustible.
Jeevashm indhan samaapt hone wale sansadhan hain.Why Exhaustible? (Khatam Kyun Honge?)
- Take millions of years to form ⏳ from dead organisms under specific conditions (high pressure/temperature).
- Rate of consumption 📈 is much faster than rate of formation 📉.
- Known reserves are limited and will run out eventually.
Consequences of Overuse (Zyada Istemaal Ke Natije):
- Depletion: Fuels will become unavailable for future generations.⏳🚫 (Aane wali peedhi ke liye indhan nahi bachega).
- Air Pollution 💨: Burning releases CO₂, CO, SO₂, NOₓ causing smog, respiratory issues, acid rain.(Jalane se haanikarak gas nikalti hain -> pradushan, saans ki bimari, acid rain).
- Global Warming 🌡️⬆️🌍: Excess CO₂ traps heat, increasing global temperature, leading to climate change effects (melting glaciers, sea level rise).(Zyada CO₂ garmi rokta hai, temperature badhata hai, climate change hota hai).
5. Write notes on Coke, Coal Tar, and Coal Gas.
Coke 🔥:
- Tough, porous, black.
- Almost pure carbon (~98%).
- Obtained by destructive distillation of coal.
- Uses: Fuel, Manufacturing steel, Extracting metals (as reducing agent).
Coal Tar ⚫💧:
- Thick, black liquid, unpleasant smell.
- Mixture of ~200 substances.
- Obtained from coal processing.
- Uses: Source for dyes, drugs, explosives, perfumes, plastics, paints, roofing, naphthalene balls.
Coal Gas 💨:
- Gas obtained during coal processing to get coke.
- Mainly methane and hydrogen.
- Used as fuel in industries near coal plants. (Historically used for street lighting).
6. Why should we use fossil fuels judiciously? What steps can be taken for their conservation?
Fossil fuels should be used judiciously (samajhdari se) because:
- They are **exhaustible** (limited and take millions of years to form) ⏳.
- Burning them causes severe **air pollution** 💨.
- They contribute significantly to **global warming** 🌡️⬆️.
- Over-reliance prevents development of **cleaner energy sources**.
Conservation Steps (Sanrakshan Ke Upay):
- Reduce Consumption: Use public transport 🚌, carpool, cycle 🚴, walk. Switch off engines at signals 🚦.
- Efficient Driving: Drive at moderate, constant speeds. Maintain vehicles well 🔧. Ensure correct tyre pressure.
- Energy Efficiency: Use energy-efficient appliances at home/industry (LED lights 💡). Reduce electricity wastage.
- Use Alternatives: Promote and switch to renewable energy sources like solar ☀️, wind 🌬️, hydro power 💧.
- Awareness: Educate people (like PCRA does) about the need for conservation.
7. Describe how dead organisms are converted into petroleum and natural gas.
This process takes millions of years under specific conditions:
- Origin: Starts with tiny sea organisms 🐠 (plankton, algae).
- Settlement: When they died, their bodies settled on the sea floor.
- Burial: Over time, they got covered by layers of sand and clay (silt).
- Compression: The weight of overlying layers increased pressure 🏋️.
- Heat: As they got buried deeper, the temperature increased 🌡️.
- Absence of Air: Lack of oxygen prevented complete decomposition.
- Transformation ⏳: Under these conditions (high pressure, high temperature, no air), the organic matter slowly transformed into crude oil (Petroleum) and Natural Gas.
- Trapping: This oil and gas got trapped between layers of impervious rocks, forming reservoirs, often above a layer of water.
8. List various constituents of petroleum and their uses.
Petroleum is refined by fractional distillation to get various useful fractions:
- LPG: Fuel (Home 🏠/Industry).
- Petrol: Fuel (Cars 🚗/Bikes 🏍️), Aviation, Dry cleaning.
- Kerosene: Fuel (Stoves 🔥/Lamps/Jets).
- Diesel: Fuel (Trucks 🚚/Generators 💡).
- Lubricating Oil: Lubrication ⚙️.
- Paraffin Wax: Candles 🕯️, Vaseline, Ointments.
- Bitumen: Paints, Road surfacing 🛣️.
9. What is meant by exhaustible and inexhaustible resources? Give two examples of each.
Natural resources are classified based on their availability:
- Inexhaustible Resources: Present in unlimited quantity. Not likely to be finished by human activities. ✅♾️ Ex: Sunlight ☀️, Air 🌬️. (Aseem matra mein, manav dwara khatam nahi honge. Udaharan: Dhoop, Hawa).
- Exhaustible Resources: Present in limited quantity. Can be finished by human activities. ⚠️⏳ Ex: Coal ⚫, Petroleum ⛽, Natural Gas, Forests 🌳, Minerals. (Seemit matra mein, manav dwara khatam ho sakte hain. Udaharan: Koyla, Petroleum, Prakritik Gas, Jungle, Khanij).
10. Discuss the importance of Natural Gas as a fuel.
Natural Gas is a very important fuel due to several reasons:
- Clean Burning: It produces significantly less pollution (CO₂, SO₂, NOₓ, particulate matter) compared to other fossil fuels like coal, petrol, diesel. ✅🌍 (Dusre fossil fuels ki tulna mein bahut kam pradushan failata hai).
- High Efficiency: It has a high calorific value, meaning it produces a good amount of heat for the amount burned. (Iski calorific value zyada hai, yani kam jalne par achhi garmi deta hai).
- Easy Transportation: Being a gas, it can be easily transported over long distances through pipelines 💨➡️🏠, making supply convenient. (Gas hone ke karan, pipelines se aasani se door tak transport kiya ja sakta hai).
- Versatile Uses: Used as fuel in homes (cooking), industries, power generation 💡, and as CNG in vehicles 🚗🚌. (Gharon mein, udyogon mein, bijli banane mein, aur CNG ke roop mein gaadiyon mein istemal hota hai).
- Chemical Feedstock: Important raw material for manufacturing fertilizers and various petrochemicals. (Urvarak aur petrochemicals banane ke liye mahatvapurna kaccha maal).
Its cleaner nature makes it a preferred fuel, especially in urban areas trying to combat air pollution.
Iska saaf nature ise ek pasandida indhan banata hai, khaas kar shahri ilakon mein jo vayu pradushan se lad rahe hain.
